Idea or model
Human genome
The full DNA sequence of a human. Drafts were published in 2001, and the first gap-free sequence in 2022.
DNA sequencing
Reading the order of the bases in DNA, from single genes to whole genomes.Source: Sanger et al., 1977Source: Nurk et al., 2022
Also called sequencing, genome sequencing.
Technology or method
How DNA sequencing connects
DNA sequencing makes possible
DNA sequencing uses
Level of life
DNA
The molecule that stores the genetic instructions of all cellular life: two strands wound into a double helix and held together by base pairs.
DNA sequencing is related to
Technology or method
Bioinformatics
Using computers to store, search and analyze biological data such as DNA and protein sequences.
Studied in
Your progress
Sources & further reading
The explanations on this page are our own summaries of these sources. Follow a link to read the original; if anything here disagrees with it, the original wins. How we choose and check sources.
DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors (opens the original in a new tab)
Sanger F, Nicklen S, Coulson AR (1977). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 74:5463-5467.
Peer-reviewedPrimary researchThe complete sequence of a human genome (opens the original in a new tab)
Nurk S, Koren S, Rhie A, et al. (2022). Science 376:44-53.
The Telomere-to-Telomere consortium's gapless human genome assembly.
Peer-reviewedPrimary research